1. Truth Exists
2. Truth is immutable
3. Truth is eternal
4. Truth is mental
5. Truth is superior to the human mind
6. Truth is God
1. “Truth exists.” Clark establishes this point by reminding us
of the self-defeating nature of any attempt to deny the existence
of truth. Since skepticism is false, there must be knowledge; and
if there is knowledge, there must exist the object of knowledge,
namely truth.
2. “Truth is immutable.” It is impossible for truth to change.
As Clark says, “Truth must be unchangeable. What is true today
always has been and always will be true.” For Clark, all true
propositions are eternal and immutable truths. He has no use for
pragmatic views of truth that imply that what is true today may be
false tomorrow. If truth changes, then pragmatism will be false
tomorrow-if, indeed, it could ever be true. Truth itself is
unaffected by the fact that sentences like “I am now typing” are
sometimes true and usually false. Since I’ll present a rather long
argument in defense of this claim later in this chapter, I’ll
assume that this possible problem can be answered and move on to
Clark’s next point.
3. “Truth is eternal.” It would be self-contradictory to deny
the eternity of truth. If the world will never cease to exist, it
is true that the world will never cease to exist. If the world will
someday perish, then that is true. But truth itself will abide even
though every created thing should perish. But suppose someone asks,
“what if truth itself should perish?” Then it would still be true
that truth had perished. Any denial of the eternity of truth turns
out to be an affirmation of its eternity.
4. “Truth is Mental.” The existence of truth presupposes the
existence of minds. “Without a mind, truth could not exist. The
object of knowledge is a proposition, a meaning, a significance; it
is a thought.” For Clark, the existence of truth is incompatible
with any materialistic view of man. If the materialist admits the
existence of consciousness at all, he regards it as an effect and
not a cause. For a materialist, thoughts are always the result of
bodily changes. This materialism implies that all thinking,
including logical reasoning, is merely the result of mechanical
necessity. But bodily changes can be neither true nor false. One
set of physical motions cannot be truer than another. Therefore, if
there is no mind, there can be no truth; and if there is no truth,
materialism cannot be true. Likewise, if there is no mind, there
can be no such thing as logical reasoning from which it follows
that no materialist can possible provide a valid argument for his
position. No reason can possible be given to justify an acceptance
of materialism. Hence, for Clark, any denial of the mental nature
of truth is self-stultifying. In Clarks words,
“If a truth, a proposition, or a thought were some physical
motion in the brain, no two persons could have the same thought. A
physical motion is a fleeting event numerically distinct from every
other. Two persons cannot have the same motion, nor can one person
have it twice. If this is what thought were, memory and
communication would be impossible…It is a peculiarity of mind and
not of body that the past can be made present. Accordingly, if one
may thing the same thought twice, truth must be mental or
spiritual. Not only does [truth] defy time; it defies space as
well, for if communication is to be possible, the identical truth
must be in two minds at once. If, in opposition, anyone wished to
deny that an immaterial idea can exist in two minds at once, his
denial must be conceived to exist in his own mind only; and since
it has not registered in any other mind, it does not occur to us to
refute it.”
To summarize Clark’s argument thus far, truth exists and is both
eternal and immutable. Furthermore, truth can exist only in some
mind.
5. “Truth is superior to the human mind.” By this, Clark means
that by its very nature, truth cannot be subjective and
individualistic. Humans know certain truths that are not only
necessary but universal. While these truths are immutable, the
human mind is changeable. Even though beliefs vary from one person
to another, truth itself cannot change. Moreover, the human mind
does not stand in judgment of truth: rather truth judges our
reason. While we often judge other human minds (as when we say, for
example, that someone’s mind is not a keen as it should be), we do
not judge truth. If truth and the human mind were equal, truth
could not be eternal and immutable since the human mind is finite,
mutable, and subject to error. Therefore, truth must transcend
human reason; truth must be superior to any individual human mind
as well as to the sum total of human minds. From this it follows
that there must be a mind higher than the human mind in which truth
resides.
6. “Truth is God.” There must be an ontological ground for
truth. But the ground of truth cannot be anything perishable or
contingent. Since truth is eternal and immutable, it must exist in
an eternal Mind. And since only God possesses these attributes, God
must be truth.
“Is all this any more than the assertion that there is an
eternal, immutable Mind, as Supreme Reason, a personal, living God?
The truths or propositions that may be known are the thoughts of
God, the eternal thoughts of God. And insofar as man knows anything
he is in contact with God’s mind. Since further, God’s mind is God,
we may… say, we have a vision of God.”
Therefore, When human beings know truth, we also know something of
God’s nature. There is a sense in which all knowledge is a
knowledge of God.
-Ronald Nash, Faith & Reason-
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This entire argument just needs to be referred to
at its final point. "Since truth is eternal and immutable, it must
exist in an eternal Mind. And since only God possesses these
attributes, God must be truth." It uses the petitio principii fallacy,
with its reasoning that God is true because we know truth is
eternal, yet it says that "only God possesses these attributes" -
which already falsely assumes that the subject of the argument is
true, hence this entire argument is flawed