Tian Tao
Tian Tao or I Kuan Tao is a modern, syncretic faith and the third
most popular religion in Taiwan. The Chinese words I Kuan Tao can
be roughly translated as the Religion of One Unity. It is a
religious doctrine that draws upon both traditional Chinese
teachings and each of the world's major religions. This religion
attempts to identify common principles underlying Taoism, Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism. Tian Tao believes that
by uncovering a single set of universal truths, the "increasing
chaos" of modern times can be defeated and the world can live
peacefully in harmony. They believe in a God beyond all other gods,
called Ming-ming Shang-ti (the God of Clarity).
It may have its roots with the Bai Lian Jiao (White Lotus Sect)
which created several political unrests for both the Qing court
(1644 - 1911) and foreign powers, such as the British, French and
so forth who have seized the lands from the hands of the Qing court
since the Opium War. Bai Lian Jiao is closely related to the
Chinese Christian cult, Tai Ping Tian Guo, founded by Hong Xiu
Quan, in the late Qing dynasty. Hong Xiu Quan believed himself as
Jesus Christ's heavenly brother, which was sent to Earth by Lord
God to liberate Chinese people from imperial oppression. Lands were
belonged by Lord God and not the Qing court, hence poor and
uneducated peasants in ten of thousands accepted his teachings.
Heavenly King Yang Xiu Ching, the Minister of State for Tai Ping
Tian Guo, tried to seize the power and authority of Emperor Hong
Xiu Quan. To legitimize his authority, he occasionally lapsed into
trances in which his voice supposedly became that of the Lord's. In
one of his trances, Heavenly King Yang Xiu Ching claimed that the
Lord demanded Hong Xiu Quan be whipped for kicking one of his
concubines. Emperor Hong Xiu Quan had Heavenly King Yang Xiu Ching
murdered by Wei Chang Hui, a Tai Ping Tian Guo general. The
followers of Heavenly King Yang Xiu Ching later formed the Bai Lian
Jiao.
Another source stated that Tian Tao was evolved from Xian Tian Tao
which was founded by 9th Patriarch Huang De Hui of the Shun Zhi
period of Qing Dynasty. Huang De Hui combined the three main belief
systems of China with a belief in the Wu Sheng Lao Mu (Great
Mother) to form Xian Tian Tao. Bodhidharma is credited as the 1st
Patriarch, the first five Chinese Chan Patriarchs are credited as
2nd to 6th Patriarchs. Bai Ma became the 7th Patriarch and the 8th
Patriarch is Luo Wei Qun. The lines of patriarch of Xian Tian Tao
continue into the present I Kuan Tao. The 15th Patriarch had made
some major changes in the formulas and goals of Xian Tian Tao. And
it is the 16th Patriarch Liu Ching Xu renamed the group as I Kuan
Tao. The 18th Patriarch is the last in line of the
patriarchs.
The followers of I Kuan Tao claimed that it is a distinguished
lineage back over 2000 years when it begins from the ancient
Chinese astrolgers, emperors, Confucius, and so forth. From 18th
Ancient Patriarch Mencius, the lineage travels to the west, the
lineage began from Shakyamuni Buddha, Mahakashyapa to 28th Indian
Patriarch Bodhidharma. But the modern practice of Tian Tao, as we
know it today, was established about 70 years ago. In the 1930, Shi
Zueng Zhang Tian Ran and Shi Mu Sun Hui Ming, became the 18th
Patriarch and started their practice I Kuan Tao in Chi Nan City,
Shang Dong Province of China. Their work spread by word of mouth,
and by 1946 I Kuan Tao became prevalent among 36 provinces of
China. At the end of the Civil War in 1949, many followers in China
found their beliefs incompatible with Communist doctrines. This and
other reasons compelled large numbers of them to emigrate to
Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and
the Philippines. Tian Tao quickly took root in these new lands,
spreading with its teachings Chinese culture and traditional family
values. By increasing the number of I Kuan Tao temples, they
believed that they are bringing the Buddhist "Western Paradise" to
earth and creating a world of brotherhood and universal love as
envisioned by Confucian teachings.
Today, they have about 4,500,000 followers in Taiwan, Korea and
Japan; about 2,000,000 followers in South East Asian countries; and
a growing number of adherents in countries like Canada, USA,
Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Paraguay,
Italy, France, Germany, Holland and United Kingdom. In Taiwan
alone, there are over 200 large and medium-sized temples and over
30,000 family shrines.