Hi,
the answers to these questions are pretty standard and should be
present in your school's notes or commercial notes. So there's no
point for me to regurgitate everything from the notes.
Do check your notes.
As for (4), I don't understand what you mean. The centre portion
of this article might help:
http://www.grantchronicles.com/astro12.htm
Finally, do not open multiple threads. One thread will do.
Thanks :)