Mike Keele pumps liquid natural gas onto a garbage truck in
Oakland, Calif. Almost 500 Waste Management Inc. garbage and
recycling trucks run on this new source of environmentally friendly
fuel instead of diesel fuel.
LIVERMORE, Calif.
Hundreds of trash trucks across California are rumbling down
city streets using clean fuel made from a dirty source:
garbage.
The fuel is derived from rotting refuse that San Francisco and
Oakland residents and businesses have been discarding in the
Altamont landfill since 1980. Since November, the methane gas
created from decaying detritus at the 240-acre landfill has been
sucked into tubes and sent into an innovative facility that
purifies and transforms it into liquefied natural gas.
Almost 500 Waste Management Inc. garbage and recycling trucks
run on this new source of environmentally friendly fuel instead of
dirty diesel.
In a state that has passed the most stringent greenhouse gas
reduction goals in the United States, the climate change benefits
of this plant are twofold — methane from the trash heap is captured
before entering the environment and use of the fuel produces less
carbon dioxide than conventional gasoline.
"We've built the largest landfill-to-LNG plant in the world;
this plant produces 13,000 gallons a day of LNG," says Jessica
Jones, a landfill manager for Houston-based Waste Management. "It
will take 30,000 tons a year of CO2 from the environment."
Altamont is one of two California landfills making LNG; the
other is a smaller facility about 40 miles south of Los Angeles.
Other natural gas facilities are being planned by Waste Management
at some of the 270 active landfills nationwide, and the number
could grow quickly as communities seek to reduce greenhouse gas
pollution.
In 2009, the US. Environmental Protection Agency counted 517
active landfill energy projects in the nation's approximately 1,800
operational municipal landfills. That was up almost 50 percent from
2000, and 28 percent from 2004.
Landfills have plenty of the ingredients to produce methane.
Bacteria break down the food scraps, paper, lawn trimmings and
other organic waste dumped there. Over time, the material ferments,
releasing methane and other gases. About 50 percent of the gas
emitted from landfills is methane. It is 21 times more effective
than CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere, the EPA says.
"Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after
carbon dioxide," Tom Frankiewicz, program manager for EPA's
Landfill Methane Outreach Program in Washington, says in an e-mail.
"Methane is also the main component of natural gas, so by capturing
and using methane as an energy source you get an even bigger bang
for the buck."
At the Altamont landfill, seagulls hover over the sprawling
complex, set among the rolling green hills and wind farms of the
Altamont pass about 50 miles (80 kilometers) east of San Francisco.
Dotted throughout the facility are more than 100 wells with black
tubes that vacuum up methane from the heap.
The LNG is then pumped into the garbage and recycling trucks at
a company fueling station in Oakland, while vehicles elsewhere in
California get their gas at specially equipped stations.
The idea of turning garbage into clean energy is not a new one —
the Altamont site has had a methane-fueled electric power plant
since 1989 that can power 8,000 homes a day. Hundreds of other
landfills in the U.S. also use methane captured from rotting
garbage for electricity projects.
In 2005, the last year data was available, landfill methane
electricity projects made up 10.8 percent of the country's
renewable energy output, not including hydroelectric power, EPA
says.
Given its impact on greenhouse gases, four state environmental
agencies contributed grants to help build the $15.5 million
Altamont plant. Mike Beckman of Linde Group North America, the
company that built and runs the natural gas plant, says the
Altamont plant should continue producing fuel for 20 years or
more.
That makes the nascent Altamont plant potentially profitable, as
the gas is sold to Waste Management and other customers.
But to many who may want to use the technology, the cost of
purifying the methane into usable liquefied natural gas can be a
daunting barrier. The $15.5 million it took to build Altamont's LNG
facility is far more than it costs to build a small electrical
plant.
"There is growing interest, but because removing impurities from
the methane is currently quite expensive, right now it's only
profitable at larger landfills where you have enough landfill gas,"
Mr. Frankiewicz says. "With today's economics, these projects only
happen at the biggest sites in the U.S.; the thought is that as the
technology becomes cheaper, that will change."