When we are talking about Mongolian bows, the first thoughts go
the their military use, although hunting and target practice
certainly were more prominent activities. Every day was not filled
with war, but hunting and the training of various skills were part
of the daily routine. However, we will start with the military
aspect.
In the military, each soldier carried two bows on horseback. One
bow was for long-range shooting, another for shooting at close
distances. Also, each soldier had two quivers with arrows for
different purposes. To mention but a few of these, there were
armor-piercing arrows with a particularly heavy arrowhead of
tempered steel, there were incendiary arrows for setting buildings
afire and spreading fear in the enemy ranks, as well as whistling
arrows for signalling. Of course, the majority of arrows they
carried were ordinary arrows where the arrowhead and length of the
shaft were adjusted to the normal range at which the particular
type arrow was to be used.
The Mongol bow is not as large and long as the English one, but it
is vastly more powerful. The draw weight of an English longbow
averages around 70-80 pounds, whereas the Old Mongol bow had a pull
that, according to George Vernadsky, averaged at around 166 pounds.
Chambers states that the pull varied from 100 to 160 pounds. This
seeming discrepancy certainly reflects the fact that draw weight
varied with the strength of the user, and with what use the bow had
been made for. As could be expected, there was a considerable
difference in shooting range. Whereas the English longbow could
shoot at distances up to 250 yards or around 228 meters, the Mongol
counterpart can hit its target at 350 yards or 320 meters and, if
the archer is well trained for the task, even beyond that.