EE-T1 Osório Main Battle Tank
Introduction
Engesa was formed as a private firm in 1963. Initially, it was
involved in renovating World War II-vintage tanks. Engesa built
wheeled APC's, such as the EE-11 Urutu amphibious APC, the EE-9
Cascavel armored reconnaissance vehicle, the EE-17 Sucuri tank
destroyer, and the EE-3 Jararaca scout car, in addition to a wide
range of other products. The EE-11 Urutu armored troop carrier is
an amphibian that can also be used by naval forces. It is still
used by the Brazilian Army. It made a success in the international
sales market, and is in service ia at least six Armies worldwide,
in addition to the Brazilian Army. In terms of product development,
all of Engesas armored fighting vehicles and armored personnel
carriers shared the same characteristics: simple and flexible
design concepts, low cost, good performance and reliability, ease
of use, and simple maintenance. These characteristics were the
major selling points of Engesas products to its customers in the
developing countries.
Engesa's APC's were all based on a new proprietary suspension
system, called "Engesa Boomerang". This ingenious suspension
system, along with many other modifications, expanded the life span
of many otherwise obsolescent World War II-vintage vehicles.
Engesa's weapons were exported almost exclusively to the developing
world, especially to countries in the Middle East, Latin America,
and Africa. By the mid-1980s, Engesa had expanded to a group of
twelve subsidiaries and employed more than 5,000 people.
MB-3 Tamoyo, first All-Brazilian tank.
The medium tank MB-3 Tamoyo, the first All-Brazilian tank, produced
by Bernardini SA.
Chronology of Main Battle Tank development in Brazil:
1982: conceptual development of a new light MBT (the MB-3
Tamoyo)
1985: construction of first prototype with 105mm gun.
1986: delivery of a second prototype with 120mm gun.
1990: agreement with Saudi Arabia to establish a local armament
plant for the assembly of Osório MBT.
Brazil emerged in the mid-1980s as the leading arms producer and
exporter among the defense industrializing countries, and the sixth
largest arms exporter in the world. Although there were over 500
manufacturers of defense-related equipment in Brazil, three firms
have been largely responsible for Brazilian defense exports: in
aircraft, Embraer; in armored fighting vehicles, Engesa; and in
missiles, Avibras.
Engesa was well positioned to take advantage of Brazils nonaligned
position in the international system and its affinity with other
developing nations. The company has exported its armored and
reconnaissance vehicles to over 20 countries in the Middle East and
Africa. Annual export earnings amounted to over US$53 millon for
the 1977-82 period and US$122 million for the 1983-88 period. The
largest regional market was the Middle East, to which Brazil sold
roughly half of its arms from 1977 through 1988, with nearly half
of all Brazilian arms transfers from 1985 to 1989 going to Iraq. A
related factor was Engesa's well-known after-sales support in terms
of guaranteed access to spare parts, training for system operators,
and maintenance (including front-line repair during the Iran-Iraq
war).
However, with the end of the Iran-Iraq war and the decline in state
support, the Brazilian arms industry collapsed in the late 1980s,
and by the mid-1990s had virtually disappeared. In early 1990,
Brazil's two major manufacturers, Engesa and Avibras, filed for
bankruptcy. Engesa has been dismembered, with some of its companies
sold to private interests, and ordnance-related firms taken over by
the state and integrated with the Indústria de Material Bélico do
Brasil (IMBEL - Brazil's Industry of War Weapons and
Equipments).
Osorio, in a different cammo
EE-T1 Osório, in a different cammo outfit. This picture was largely
used for promotion, and appeared in various publications.
Development and Production History.
In the early 80's, Saudi Arabia began searching for a new MBT, with
the objective of replacement for their AMX-30 MBT's. At first, they
wanted the Leopard 2, which had just began to be received by the
Bundeswehr, as the Saudis were impressed with the success of the
Leopard 1 both in Germany and in other European countries as well.
However, the German government refused to sell weapons to countries
that were not NATO's members. This way, a new market was opened,
and Engesa decided to go for it.
At first, Engesa searched for a partner for the project's
development, and contacted Tyssen-Henschel in Germany, but the
conversations came to nothing. Then, Porsche showed interest in
participating in the Brazilian MBT project. However, the German
government once again intervened and the German-Brazilian
cooperation project was cancelled.
That being the situation, Engesa decided to go on with the project
by itself, a decision that would prove later to be too risky. In
face of the way the Brazilian state participated in the Brazilian
armament industry at that time, some restrictions imposed by the
Brazilian Army had to be considered. The first one stated that the
new MBT should weigh no more than 36 tons, which was a technical
impossibility, as it would set the Brazilian MBT outside of the
first class MBT's weight, which was between 44.5 tons (T-72) and 62
tons (Challenger), at that time. The second Brazilian Army's
restriction was that the maximum width of the new MBT could not be
larger that 3.20 meters, a limit imposed by the Brazilian railway
structure.
Engesa's engineers accepted the second restriction, but rejected
the first, and the target weight was stipulated as 42 tons, on
grounds that most of the transportation would be realized by roads,
anyway. Another important decision was that the development would
consist of a basic chassis and two different types of turret,
allowing the possibility of two different main gun possibilities:
the 105 mm and the 120 mm. Engesa was determined that the first
prototype had to be ready in one year, so the company decided that
it would develop the chassis project, and the turrets project was
to be realized by Vickers Defence Systems, Great Britain.
Osorio Turrets
The first turret, the "default", was designed to accommodate the
British 105mm L7 series gun, which was NATO's main battle tank gun
specification, until the 120 mm L/44 Rheinmetall gun was adopted,
but at that time, this was still to happen in the future. The
British 105 mm L7 series gun was an excellent option, because it
was used by so many countries, its cost was reasonable, and there
were many types of ammunition available for its use. The fire
control system for this turret, fully computerized, consisted of a
laser range finder and a LRS-5DNLC Olp Belgian periscope, and the
commander had an LRS-5DN periscope. This fire control system and
the main gun were fully stabilized.
Osorio, firing main gun
EE-T1 (120mm Gun version) prototype, just after firing a round, on
the firing grounds.
The second turret was developed for being used by the Saudi
Arabia's Army. This turret would receive the French smooth-bore
120mm GIAT G1 gun, because tests proved that the British rifled
120mm L11 gun, although more powerful, also had stronger recoil
forces, that a 42 ton MBT could not support. The German Rheinmetall
120 mm L/44 smooth-bore gun was not tested because of the weapons
selling politics of the German government at that time.
As a result of all that, the tank was either armed with a L7 105mm
gun with 45 rounds stowage or a GIAT 120mm gun with 40 rounds. One
7.62 mm MG was mounted coaxial, another one (or 12,7mm) was used as
ADMG (5000 rounds / 3000 7.62mm 900 12,7mm).
The 105 mm rifled gun was the well proven British L 7 series, with
a fume extractor, and a thermal sleeve. Various kinds of ammunition
were used with this gun including: APDS, APDSFS, HEAT, HESH, and
Smoke. The 120 mm was a French GIAT smooth bore gun, firing
APDSFS-T and HEAT-MP ammunition. Both the guns with their
respective ammunition were to be produced under license in Brazil,
by Engesa.
EE-T1 Osorio Firing at Night
The EE-T1 firing at night. The 120 mm GIAT gun could be fired by
both the gunner and the commander, both using a passive thermal
imager. The Osório's fire-control system, at that time, could only
be compared to the one used by Germany's Leopard 2.
The computerized fire control system, by Marconi Command and
Control Systems, used a SFIM stabilized periscope with laser range
finder for the gunner and another one for the commander. A
Philips/TRT stabilized thermal periscope was linked to both sights.
This fire control system was state-of-the-art and assured a very
high first round hit probability.
Initially, Engesa wanted to use an MTU engine, since they were used
with great success with the Leopard 1 and 2, and also because MTU
already was operating in Brazil. But its price was way too high,
and the MWM 1,000 hp diesel TBD 234 turbo charged diesel engine was
selected, coupled to a ZF LSG 3000 transmission. Both companies,
MWM and ZF, were already operating in Brazil. This engine was
tested for over 3,000 km in Saudi Arabia, and proved to be most
efficient and easy to maintain. The suspension was of hydro
pneumatic type (like the one used by the British Challenger) and
designed by Dunlop. The Osório MBT was provided by an auxiliary
power unit in the left hull rear. Fuel capacity was of 1354
liters.
The EE-T1 Osório armor was entirely developed by Engesa and was a
combination of aluminum/steel and carbon fibers and ceramics
(bimetal+composite/laminate armor). This armor was said to provide
complete protection against all HEAT threats existent at that
time.
The Twilight of the EE-T2 Osorio MBT Project.
The Twilight of the EE-T1 Osório Main Battle Tank Project.
The EE-T1 Osório Main Battle Tank was an advanced design with main
efforts on firepower and mobility, which resulted in high standards
within its weight category. Engesa was hoping to sell 318 Osório
MBT's to Saudi Arabia, but the Saudis choose the M1 Abrams.
The fact was that Engesa, in marketing terms, made three fatal
errors: The first was when accepting the weight constraints imposed
by the Brazilian Army (which never had enough funding to buy the
Osório, in the first place) and the second, in part a consequence
of the first, when they had to opt for the French 120 mm GIAT,
which was no match for either the Rheinmetall 120 mm L/44 or the
British rifled 120mm L11 gun, and as a result, ended developing a
tank that, if considered the three basic MBT assets (Firepower,
Protection and Mobility) was, in the worldwide weapons systems
market, somewhat closer to the top of the line contemporary Russian
MBT's than to the first-rate Western MBT's of that time.
Even if considered that the Osório had a superior fire control
system, more advanced armor and overall superior performance than
its weight class competitors, the Russian tanks presented
themselves as a better cost effective solution to countries that
could not afford to buy a first-class Western MBT. Furthermore, the
Osório couldn't compete with the M1A1 Abrams, Leopard 2 and
Challenger, that overmatched the Osório in Firepower (M1A1 Abrams,
Leopard 2, and Challenger), Protection (M1A1 Abrams, Leopard 2, and
Challenger), and Mobility (M1A1 Abrams and Leopard2). So, the
Osório was not the choice for countries that could afford to buy a
first-class Western MBT, either.
The third Engesa's fatal error was that the Osório MBT project was
developed exclusively to seize a possible opportunity in Saudi
Arabia and to fulfill a dream of the Brazilian Army. Engesa
excelled in brilliant engineering solutions, but had no worldwide
marketing vision. It was a very risky business right from the
start.
By the mid-1980s, Engesa had spent US$100 million on the
development of the Osório MBT, but was unable to find a buyer for
it. This design of the Brazilian armaments industry was
sophisticated, and demanded a high investment in technology. It was
equipped with computers and endowed with a modern weapons system.
Even though in 1990 Engesa had won the evaluation process by the
Saudis, the Osório project came to an abrupt end with Operation
Desert Storm against Iraq in 1991. After Desert Storm, Brazil was
no match for United States competition, given the outstanding
performance of the M1A1 Abrams and the close ties that developed
between Saudi Arabia and the United States during the war with
Iraq.
OSÓRIO EE-T1 (120mm GIAT gun version) SPECIFICATIONS:
Type: MBT
Crew: 4
Dimensions:
Length (Hull) (mm) 7,130
Length (Gun Forward) (mm) 10,100
Width (Maximum) (mm) 3,260
Width (without Track Skirts) (mm) 3,200
Height (Maximum) (mm) 2,890 (2,680 according to the used
AAMG)
Height (Turret Roof) (mm) 2,370
Ground Clearance (mm) 460
Weight:
Empty (kg) N/A
Combat (kg) 43,700
Armaments:
Cannon - Type/Caliber GIAT 120 mm smooth-bore gun.
- Ammunition 40(APDSFS-T and HEAT-MP)
- Stabilizer yes
- Traverse (º) 360
- Elevation (º) -10 to 20
- Max. Slew Rate (Elevation) (º/s) 11 - 15
Machine guns - Coaxial - Type/Caliber Hughes X34/7.62
- Range (meters) 1,000 N/A
- Antiaircraft - Type/Caliber M2HB/12.7
- Range (meters) over 1,500
- Ammunition 7.62 mm 5,000
- Ammunition 12.7 mm 600
Smoke Grenade Launchers 2x4
Suspension: Hydro pneumatic
Tracks - Manufacturer/Width (mm) Diehl/570
- Length of Track on Ground (mm) 4,490
Drive and Performances:
Engine - Type MWM TBD 234-V12
- Performance (kW)/at rpm 746/2300
Transmission - Type ZF LSG300 Automatic
- Gears - Forward/Reverse 4/2
Fuel/Fuel Capacity (liters) Diesel/1,354
Power-to-Weight Ratio (kW/t) 17.5 (17.3)
Ground Pressure (kg/cm.2) 0.85 (0.80)
Max. Road Speed (km/h) 70
Acceleration (0 to 32 km/h (20 mil/h) (in seconds) 6
Range (on Road) (km) 550
Gradient (%) 60
Side Slope (%) 40
Trench Crossing (meters) 3,0
Vertical Obstacle (meters) 1,15
Fording without Preparation (meters) 1,2
- with Preparation (meters) 2
Deep Fording (meters) no
Protection:
Fire Suppression System yes - Automatic
NBC System yes
Armour:
Hull - Front Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Bimetal + Composite/Laminate
N/A
- Sides Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Bimetal + Track Skirts /N/A
- Rear Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Steel /N/A
- Bottom Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Steel /N/A
Turret - Front Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Bimetal +
Composite/Laminate /N/A
- Sides Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Bimetal + Composite /N/A
- Rear Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Bimetal N/A
- Top Type/Max. Thickness (mm) Bimetal N/A
Fire Command System:
Ballistic Computer yes - Digital
Sights Stabilized by SFIM
Rangefinder Type Laser
Driver Periscope Optical or Passive Thermal Imaging
Other Information:
Manufacturer ENGESA Engenheiros Especializados SA, Brazil
Development (from Year) 1982
Prototypes 1985 (with 105 mm L 7 series gun); 1986 (with 120 mm
GIAT smooth-bore gun).
