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Code-switching
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Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation
between two or more languages, dialects, or language registers in
the course of discourse between people who have more than one
language in common. Sometimes the switch lasts only for a few
sentences, or even for a single phrase.
The switch is commonly made according to the subject of discourse,
but may be for a variety of other reasons such as the mood of the
speaker (for example, a person might swear only in French).
Code-switching often occurs in bilingual communities or families.
For example, a family that has recently immigrated to a country
where a different language is spoken may switch back and forth
between that language and their mother tongue, while they are
learning the new language (this phenomenon is frequently noted
amongst first- and second-generation immigrants to France from its
former North African Arabic-speaking colonies, now the Maghreb
countries of Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria). Also, in communities
as, for example, the United States with a large number of Spanish
speakers, a sentence might have a mixture of Spanish and English
words known as "Spanglish" (a similar situation can occur in
communities in Canada with both Francophone and Anglophone
populations). Another example of this phenomenon is the mixing of
Japanese and English by Western-educated Japanese and half-Japanese
children, most notably those living in bilingual environments
(e.g., attending International schools in Japan). Code-switching
from Tatar to Russian is very popular around bilingual urban
Tatars. This situation is similar to other non-Russian urban
population of ex-USSR.
In countries such as India, where English is a lingua franca,
educated people whose first language is a language other than
English but who are also somewhat fluent in English often employ
code-switching by inserting English words, phrases or sentences
into their conversations. Examples of this type of code-switching
can be seen in many Bollywood films.
Code-switching also occurs within a particular language. For
instance, a person would likely not use the same words or phrases
when speaking to a superior (e.g. an elder, teacher, advisor or
supervisor) as they would use when speaking to their friends in an
informal atmosphere. Another example is African American Vernacular
English among African-Americans.
Code switching is distinct from pidgin, in which features of two
languages are combined. Code-switching is also different from (but
is often accompanied by) spontaneous borrowing of words from
another language, sometimes outfitted with the inflections of the
host language, sometimes not.
Code-switching within a sentence tends to occur more often at
points where the syntaxes of the two languages align; thus it is
uncommon to switch from English to French after an adjective and
before a noun, because a French noun normally "expects" its
adjectives to follow it. The same is true for switching from French
to English after a noun and before an adjective. Code-switching
between a subject and its verb is much more likely, because both
English and French normally place the subject before the verb.